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Sulfur is a chemical element with the symbol (S) and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent, and Non–Metallic. Under normal conditions, it’s atoms form cyclic Octatomic Molecules with a chemical formula S8. Elemental Sulfur is a bright yellow, Crystalline solid at room temperature. Sulfur also is a vital nutrient for crops, animals and people. Over half of elemental sulfur production is traded internationally. China is the world’s largest importer, followed by Morocco and the United States. Canada is the largest exporter, followed by Iran, Russia and Saudi Arabia. Well over half of global sulfuric acid production comes from burning elemental sulfur at points of consumption, with most of the remainder produced at non–ferrous metals smelters and pyrites mines. East Asia, led by China, is the largest overall acid producer, stemming largely from rapid growth. It is followed by North America, Africa, and Latin America. Practically all traded acid is from smelters. Western Europe is the largest acid trading region, followed by East Asia and North America.

 

 

It is an essential element for all life, but almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides. Three Amino Acids (“Cysteine” HOOC-CH-(NH₂)-CH₂-SH, “Cystine” SCH₂CH(NH₂)CO₂H)₂, and “Methionine“(M) and two vitamins (“Biotin or B7″ and “Thiamine or B1″) are organosulfur compounds. Many cofactors also contain Sulfur, including “Glutathione“, “Thioredoxin“, and “Iron–Sulfur” proteins. Disulfides, S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein Keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. It is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms. It is one of the most important elements and is essential for life. Its an integral component of the world economy used to manufacture many products including several chemicals and fertilizers. It is also is a vital nutrient for Humans, Crops and Animals.

 

 

Chemical Properties of Sulfur:

 

It combines directly with almost all the elements with the exception of gold (Au) platinum (Pt) and the noble gases. In its native form, it is a yellow crystalline solid. It can be found as a pure element or as sulphate (SO₄²-) or sulphide (S²⁻) minerals. The crystallography of sulfur is complex. Depending on the specific conditions, the sulfur allotropes form several distinct crystal structures, with rhombic and monoclinic S8 best known.

 

Diammonium phosphate

 

Major phosphate fertilizer; sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is input for phosphate (PO₄³⁻) fertilizer manufacture.

 

Flowers of sulfur (Sublimed)

 

Powdered form of sulphur produced by sublimation; may contain up to 30% of the amorphous allotrope; used in rubber vulcanization, agricultural dusts, pharmaceutical products, stock feeds.

 

Formed, solid sulphur

 

It is formed to a specific shape, such as Prills, Granules, Pellets, Pastilles, or flakes.

 

Hydrogen sulphide

 

Sulphide occurs naturally in mineral ores, oil and coal deposits. Natural waters containing elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) are used for therapeutic baths and have been consumed for medical purposes. Hydrogen sulphide, which exists as a colorless gas under normal conditions, has a characteristic odor of rotten eggs and occurs naturally in coal, natural gas, oil, volcanic gases, and it’s springs and lakes; H₂S is a central participant in the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle on earth. Sulphides form an indispensable link in the sulfur cycle (the reversible interconversion of sulphide and sulphate) in nature. Petroleum refineries and gas processing plants extract H₂S when making “clean fuels” and use it as a feed stock to produce sulphur and water.

 

 

Liquid sulfur

 

It is in melted and liquid form at 127 ºC – 143º C (260 ºF – 290º F).

 

Lump and coarse grained sulfur

 

It is in the form of a mixture of lumps and fines resulting from mechanical breaking of large blocks of solid sulphur; shipments may contain 50 wt % fines and lump diameters up to 20 cm or more.

 

Native sulfur

 

It occurs in nature in the elemental form.

 

Oil sands

 

Tar sands–natural sand formations containing about 10% bitumen and with high hydrogen sulphide content.

 

Phosphogypsum

 

Calcium sulphate (CaSO₄) by–product from phosphate production.

 

Prills

 

Formed, solid sulfur in spherical shape; produced by cooling molten sulfur with air or water.

 

Pyrites

 

Pyrites (FeS₂) are a common mineral comprised of iron and its compounds. Pyrites include a range of sulphide materials, such as marcasite (FeS₂), pyrite, and pyrrhotite (Fe_(1-x)S).

 

Roll sulfur

 

Formed, solid sulfur cast into convenient cylindrical sizes; uses include chemical manufacturing, burned for curing, fumigating, and preserving or bleaching effects.

 

Smelting

 

A roasting process to obtain metals from their ores; sulphuric acid is obtained from the process if sulphur dioxide is removed.

 

Sour crude and gas

 

Petroleum oil and natural gas, respectively, with high content of hydrogen sulphide.

 

Specialty sulfur

 

Prepared or refined grades of elemental sulfur that include amorphous, colloidal, flower, precipitated, wettable, or paste.

 

 

Sulfur dioxide

 

Also referred to as sulphurous anhydride, it has the chemical formula SO₂. It is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Sulfur dioxide, which exists as a colorless gas under normal conditions, has a characteristic strong odor and is highly soluble in water. Its dioxide is used in many industrial processes such as chemical preparation, refining, pulp-making and solvent extraction and also is the feed stock to manufacture sulphuric acid. Its dioxide is also used in the preparation and preservation of food because it prevents bacterial growth and browning of fruit.

 

Sulfur flour

 

Crude sulfur ground through 50 – 74 µm sieves (300 – 200 mesh), depending on the brand; used in rubber vulcanization, dyes, gun powder, agricultural dusts, dusting and wettable.

 

Sulphuric acid

 

Sometimes referred to as the “king of chemicals,” sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the formula H₂SO₄. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is produced in greater amounts than any other chemical besides water. Principal uses include ore processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater processing, and chemical synthesis.

 

Sulphur in other forms (SOF)

 

It is in other forms include forms other than brimstone or pyrites, where it is produced in the form of sulphuric acid or other its compounds without prior refining to brimstone. Most SOF originates from the smelting of non–ferrous metals, led by copper (Cu), followed by zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni).

 

Sulfur in all forms

 

It is in all forms used to indicate the aggregate of brimstone, the equivalent its content of pyrites, and the equivalent SOF. It can also be classified as discretionary (voluntary) and non–discretionary (non–voluntary) regarding the intent of its production. 

 

 

Sulfur uses:

 

1.     The major derivative of sulphur is sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), the highest production volume chemical, used as an industrial raw material. The largest single use of sulphuric acid is for the manufacture of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), a precursor to phosphate (PO₄³⁻) fertilizers and non–fertilizer phosphates.

 

2.    Sulphur and its derivatives are also used in:

 

■     Metallurgical ore leaching,

■     Caprolactam (CH₂)₅C(O)NH),

■     Pigments,

■     Hydrofluoric acid,

■     Pulp and paper chemicals,

■     Fertilizers,

■     Petroleum refining,

■     Batteries,

■     Detergents,

■     Fungicides,

■     Carbon disulphide (CS₂),

■     Pharmaceuticals,

■     Personal care products,

■     Cosmetics,

■     Leather tanning,

■     Rubber vulcanization,

■     Plasticizers,

■     Dyestuffs,

■     Explosives,

■     Aramid fibers (Aromatic polyamide),

■     Construction materials,

■     Sugar manufacture,

■     Dehydrating agent in organic chemical and petrochemical processes,

■     Water treatment and steel pickling.

 

 

Standard Specifications of Various Sulfur:

 

Standard Specifications of Various Sulfur (Micronized, Powder, Granular, Coated Urea, Bentonite)